Did you turn the petrol tap back on
No seriously now... what bike is it?
Sometimes filling up disturbs any sediment in the tank..it's quite a gush of fuel from a petrol station pump... it also has air mixed in and it has been known for bubbles to be forced down the fuel line leading from the tank and also to push over and flatten a gauze fuel filter some bikes have fitted to the top of the fuel tap..and or also the straw tube that rises up from the tap inside the tank giving a higher hole for normal tank than the "reserve" hole futher down near the tap...
Also if you have a 2 stroke and dont turn off the tap before you put the 2 stroke oil in the tank then it will immediatly sink to the bottom and fill up the intake straw and tap fuel hose.. A good tip is to turn off the petrol, put the oil in, fill up with petrol and then shake the tank/bike for a while to mix it in before re opening the fuel tap...
Also if you fill it right up to the top there is no expansion gap and is can also close any flap valve for the breather in the petrol cap..meaning it's like holding your finger over the end of a straw to lift up water.. it wont fall out of the straw until you remove your finger..
It's more likely not a mechanical failure and probably just a spark or fuel issue.. might even just be a stuck carb float...
It might be that although the tank is full it wont come out the tap because of the vacume created by a blocked tank breather...
It might be that the bike had failed before you stopped..an electrical problem that was OK while the engine was running but had deteriorated enough to prevent a cooled off engine re starting...
It could be anything from stuffing your goggles and gloves behind the headlamp cowel when filling up and disturbing the engine stop wiring etc...
Or just a loose sparkplug cap... etc..
4 strokes are often difficult to re start when hot if the valves are in need of adjustment and there is a weak spark...
Does the bike run now?